Multicellular marine organisms face a constant onslaught of microbes and other small organisms seeking structures to attach themselves to. Whether they are fungi, algae, biofilm-forming pathogens, or other life forms, they cause biofouling on the surface of the larger organism, which can cause serious complications. The dogfish, dogfish or Atlantic dogfish is a species of predatory marine gastropod, a carnivorous sea snail in the family Muricidae, the rock snails, that lays eggs with remarkable anti-fouling adaptations. In the early stages of development, the exterior of the egg capsule is covered with uniform ridges. In contrast to the irregular nano-textures observed on the egg surfaces of other marine organisms, it is believed that the ridges, when spaced sufficiently close together, reduce the potential contact points for fouling organisms, making it more difficult for them to attach and colonize.

This method prevents biofilms and parasitic microbes from harming the egg.

Over time, however, bacteria attach and take root on the surface of the egg capsules. To combat this, the eggs later shed their outer shell completely to reveal a fresh layer underneath.

Ideas for use: The ability of a sea snail to create nano-textured surfaces that prevent microbial adhesion could spur a new generation of non-toxic and long-lasting antimicrobial surface treatments.

How can we design better packaging?

Every day, postal workers deliver millions of packages through the mail. Truckloads of produce are transported around the world, and billions of dollars in packaged goods are created, bought, and sold. Packaging keeps our products safe, clean, and intact. But over time, much of that packaging ends up in waste and pollution. We’ve taken a look at some of the tips from nature that can help us design protective packaging that’s even more useful. Just like humans, nature is always on the move. 

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Summarized by GreenBiz.com